ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Here, Leishmania presence in sand flies from Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, after visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was investigated. METHODS: In April 2022, two light traps were deployed within and around the residence for two days post-VL case report. RESULTS: A total of 120 Lutzomyia longipalpis were collected. Suprapyloric flagellates were found in a female sand fly with eggs and residual blood during midgut dissection. Sequencing of ITS1 and cytb fragments confirmed Leishmania infantum DNA and identified Homo sapiens as the blood source, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring sand flies in VL endemic areas.
Subject(s)
Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Psychodidae , Animals , Female , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Insect VectorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Here, Leishmania presence in sand flies from Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, after visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was investigated. Methods: In April 2022, two light traps were deployed within and around the residence for two days post-VL case report. Results: A total of 120 Lutzomyia longipalpis were collected. Suprapyloric flagellates were found in a female sand fly with eggs and residual blood during midgut dissection. Sequencing of ITS1 and cytb fragments confirmed Leishmania infantum DNA and identified Homo sapiens as the blood source, respectively. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring sand flies in VL endemic areas.
ABSTRACT
Some ecological parameters and the distribution of vectors in the municipality of Eldorado, Vale do Ribeira Region, São Paulo, were studied. Entomological surveys were carried out from September 2019 to March 2021. It was observed that a few ecological parameters, including richness, abundance, diversity, and equitability, were typical of a modified environment, where artificial ecotopes maintain the presence of sandflies throughout the year. A total of 11,668 sandflies were captured. The presence of five taxa were observed in Eldorado, with low diversity and high dominance of Nyssomyia intermedia next to Ny. neivai, which are sympatric species. The results presented reinforce the importance of these species in anthropized areas in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) agents and the need for entomological monitoring. Psathyromyia pascalei was encountered for the first time in the municipality, expanding the known area of distribution of this species in a modified environment.
ABSTRACT
Sandflies associated with opossum nests are reported for the first time in the yards of residences located in the urban area of the municipality of Monte Mor, situated in the metropolitan region of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven specimens of Evandromyia cortelezzii and one of Evandromyia lenti were captured in two Didelphis albiventris nests. Ev. cortelezzii is considered a secondary vector species for the transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in the Neotropics. This association may contribute to the introduction, establishment and maintenance of urban and periurban zoonotic transmission outbreaks of Leishmania and should therefore be investigated further.
Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/classification , Opossums , Psychodidae/classification , Animals , Brazil , Female , Leishmaniasis/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Population Density , Risk Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a serious Brazilian public health problem. This diseases is attributed to seven species of Leishmania, however, the majority of cases are associated with Leishmania braziliensis. Some phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission of this parasite, nonetheless only Psychodopygus wellcomei has had its vectorial competence demonstrated. Thus this study sought to assess some parameters related to the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic species of sand fly occurring in São Paulo state: Pintomyia fischeri, Migonemyia migonei Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Expapillata firmatoi and Psychodopygus ayrozai, under laboratory conditions. These parameters were the duration of the gonotrophic cycle, proportion of females which feed on hamster, the rate of infection by L. braziliensis and the duration of the extrinsic incubation period. METHODS: The sandflies were collected in three regions of the São Paulo state: Greater São Paulo and the Mogi Guaçu and Iporanga municipalities. To assess the proportion of engorged females the insects were fed on hamsters to estimate the duration of the gonotrophic cycle. To estimate the susceptibility to infection of each species, their females were fed on hamsters infected with Leishmania braziliensis and dissected to ascertain the localization of the flagellates and estimate the extrinsic incubation period. RESULTS: Low hamster attractiveness to Ps. ayrozai was observed. A high proportion of engorged females was observed when the hamster had its whole body exposed. The gonotrophic cycle ranged between three and eight days. Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia, Ny. whitmani and Ex.firmatoi presented susceptibility to infection by L. braziliensis. The highest infection rate (34.4%) was observed for Ny. whitmani and the lowest for Ny. intermedia (6.6%). Mg. migonei presented late-stage infection forms on the fifth day after feeding, but in the other species these forms were observed as from the fourth day. CONCLUSIONS: Our results, together with other parameters of their behavior under natural conditions, suggest the potential role of Ex. firmatoi as vector of this parasite and reinforce that of Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani in the areas in which they occur.
Subject(s)
Insect Bites and Stings , Insect Vectors , Leishmania braziliensis/physiology , Animals , Cricetinae , Feeding Behavior , Female , Male , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
This study was conducted to identify the sandfly fauna and the anthropophilic species in a coffee-growing area of Villanueva, Norte de Santander, Colombia, a focus of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, and to analyse the relationship between the most frequent species and rainfall, relative humidity and temperature, with the aim of contributing to epidemiological surveillance in the area. Sandfly collections were performed fortnightly between February 2006-September 2007 using automatic light traps, Shannon traps, protected human bait and aspiration in resting places. A total of 7,051 sandflies belonging to 12 species were captured. Pintomyia spinicrassa (95.7%) predominated. Pintomyia oresbia and Lutzomyia sp. of Pichinde were found in the state of Norte de Santander for the first time. Pi. spinicrassa, Pintomyia nuneztovari, Micropygomyia venezuelensis, Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) scorzai and Lu. (Helcocyrtomyia) sp. were captured on the protected human bait. A significant association between Pi. spinicrassa abundance and the total rainfall and the average temperature and humidity 10 days before the collection was observed. The dominance of Pi. spinicrassa, a recognised vector of Leishmania braziliensis, especially during the dry periods, indicates that the risk of parasite transmission may increase.
Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/classification , Psychodidae/classification , Animals , Colombia , Female , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Male , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
Human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) have been recorded in Serra da Cantareira, in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Region, where two conservation units are situated, the Parque Estadual da Cantareira and the Parque Estadual Alberto Löfgren. The present study aimed to identify the sandfly fauna and some of its ecological aspects in these two parks and their surrounding area to investigate Leishmania sp. vectors. The captures were undertaken monthly from January to December 2009, from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., with automatic light traps installed in forests and peridomicile areas and with modified black/white Shannon traps in the peridomicile. A total of 12 species and 5,436 sandflies were captured: with automatic light traps (141), Shannon traps (5,219) and attempting to bite the researchers while they were conducting the collection in Shannon traps (76). Pintomyia fischeri and Migonemyia migonei were the most abundant species. Pi. fischeri predominated in all three kinds of captures (49%, 88.8% and 65.8%, respectively). Mg. migonei was the second most prevalent in Shannon traps (10.0%) and attempting to bite the researchers (22.4%). Pi. fischeri females were significantly more attracted to black and those of Mg. migonei to white Shannon traps. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the numbers of Pi. fischeri and the mean of minimum relative humidity values on the fifteen days prior to capture, while there was a negative and significant correlation between the relative humidity on the capture day and the two most abundant species. The anthropophilia and high frequencies of Pi. fischeri and Mg. migonei suggest that both species may be transmitting ACL agents in this region.
Subject(s)
Psychodidae , Animals , Brazil , Ecosystem , Female , Humans , Male , Population DensityABSTRACT
This study was conducted to identify the sandfly fauna and the anthropophilic species in a coffee-growing area of Villanueva, Norte de Santander, Colombia, a focus of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, and to analyse the relationship between the most frequent species and rainfall, relative humidity and temperature, with the aim of contributing to epidemiological surveillance in the area. Sandfly collections were performed fortnightly between February 2006-September 2007 using automatic light traps, Shannon traps, protected human bait and aspiration in resting places. A total of 7,051 sandflies belonging to 12 species were captured. Pintomyia spinicrassa (95.7%) predominated. Pintomyia oresbia and Lutzomyia sp. of Pichinde were found in the state of Norte de Santander for the first time. Pi. spinicrassa, Pintomyia nuneztovari, Micropygomyia venezuelensis, Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) scorzai and Lu. (Helcocyrtomyia) sp. were captured on the protected human bait. A significant association between Pi. spinicrassa abundance and the total rainfall and the average temperature and humidity 10 days before the collection was observed. The dominance of Pi. spinicrassa, a recognised vector of Leishmania braziliensis, especially during the dry periods, indicates that the risk of parasite transmission may increase.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Insect Vectors/classification , Psychodidae/classification , Colombia , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
Human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) have been recorded in Serra da Cantareira, in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Region, where two conservation units are situated, the Parque Estadual da Cantareira and the Parque Estadual Alberto Löfgren. The present study aimed to identify the sandfly fauna and some of its ecological aspects in these two parks and their surrounding area to investigate Leishmania sp. vectors. The captures were undertaken monthly from January to December 2009, from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., with automatic light traps installed in forests and peridomicile areas and with modified black/white Shannon traps in the peridomicile. A total of 12 species and 5,436 sandflies were captured: with automatic light traps (141), Shannon traps (5,219) and attempting to bite the researchers while they were conducting the collection in Shannon traps (76). Pintomyia fischeri and Migonemyia migonei were the most abundant species. Pi. fischeri predominated in all three kinds of captures (49%, 88.8% and 65.8%, respectively). Mg. migonei was the second most prevalent in Shannon traps (10.0%) and attempting to bite the researchers (22.4%). Pi. fischeri females were significantly more attracted to black and those of Mg. migonei to white Shannon traps. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the numbers of Pi. fischeri and the mean of minimum relative humidity values on the fifteen days prior to capture, while there was a negative and significant correlation between the relative humidity on the capture day and the two most abundant species. The anthropophilia and high frequencies of Pi. fischeri and Mg. migonei suggest that both species may be transmitting ACL agents in this region.
Casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) têm sido registrados na Serra da Cantareira, região da Grande São Paulo, onde se situam o Parque Estadual da Cantareira e o Parque Estadual Alberto Löfgren. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar a fauna flebotomínea e alguns de seus aspectos ecológicos nos dois parques e área adjacente, para investigar vetores de Leishmania sp. As capturas ocorreram de janeiro a dezembro de 2009, das 18 às 06 horas, com armadilhas automáticas luminosas instaladas em matas e peridomicílios, e com armadilhas de Shannon modificadas, nas cores branca e preta, em peridomicílio. Foram capturadas 12 espécies e 5.436 flebotomíneos por armadilhas automáticas luminosas (141), armadilhas de Shannon (5.219) e tentando picar os pesquisadores enquanto coletavam na armadilha de Shannon (76). Pintomyia fischeri e Migonemyia migonei foram as mais abundantes. Pi. fischeri predominou nos três métodos de coleta com 49,0%, 88,8% e 65,8%, respectivamente, e Mg. migonei foi a segunda mais prevalente na Shannon (10,0%) e tentando picar os pesquisadores (22,4%). Fêmeas de Pi. fischeri foram significativamente mais atraídas à Shannon preta e Mg. migonei à branca. Houve correlação positiva e significante entre o número de Pi. fischeri e a média das mínimas da umidade relativa nos 15 dias anteriores ao dia da coleta, e negativa e significante para as duas espécies mais abundantes em relação a umidade relativa no dia da coleta. Altas frequências e antropofilia de Pi. fischeri e de Mg. migonei sugerem que ambas podem estar atuando na transmissão da LTA na área.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Psychodidae , Brazil , Ecosystem , Population DensityABSTRACT
Both sexes of two new Brazilian phlebotomine sand flies of the genus Nyssomyia Barretto 1962 [= Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) sensu Barretto], Nyssomyia delsionatali n. sp. and Nyssomyia urbinattii n. sp., presenting close affinity with Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho), are described and illustrated. N. delsionatali n. sp was captured on the edge of a riparian Amazonian forest on the Juruena river in the northwest of Mato Grosso state and N. urbinattii n. sp in a riparian Amazonian forest on the Teles Pires river between Mato Grosso and Pará states. Some measurements of both sexes of N. antunesi and illustration of the male genitalia and the female spermathecae as well as an identification key for males and females of the genus Nyssomyia are provided.
Subject(s)
Psychodidae/classification , Animals , Brazil , Female , Male , Psychodidae/anatomy & histology , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Introdução - A leishmaniose visceral no Estado de São Paulo vem acometendo populações caninas e humanas de vários centros urbanos e encontra-se em franca expansão. Desde a sua introdução no Estado de São Paulo, novas áreas na região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo têm sido identificadas com a infecção na população canina e felina, sem que a espécie vetora comprovada, Lutzomyia longipalpis, tenha sido encontrada. Diferentemente de outras áreas, onde a transmissão da leishmaniose visceral se dá em ambiente urbano consolidado, na Grande São Paulo, ocorre em ambiente de transição urbano-rural. Neste ocorrem resíduos de matas nos quais os flebotomíneos antropofílicos, Pintomyia fischeri e Migonemyia migonei se desenvolvem. A capacidade vetorial é definida como a taxa diária de picadas potencialmente infectivas que a população de um vetor levará a cabo ao se alimentar em um único tipo de hospedeiro (REISEN, 1989). Objetivo Comparar a capacidade vetorial de Pintomyia fischeri e Migonemyia migonei oriundas de foco de leishmaniose visceral canina da Grande São Paulo e compará-la com a de Lu. longipalpis, proveniente de área endêmica, Campo Grande, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, para a transmissão do agente, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, da leishmaniose visceral americana. Métodos A sobrevida infectiva de cada espécie de flebotomíneo foi calculada por meio da estimativa vertical (tábua de vida) de fêmeas de primeira geração cultivadas em laboratório. Os demais parâmetros compreenderam: atratividade do cão doméstico aos flebotomíneos (dado de campo); e, em condições de laboratório: infecção experimental dos flebotomíneos pela L. (L.) i. chagasi após sua alimentação em cães infectados, período de incubação extrínseca do parasita e duração do ciclo gonotrófico. Resultados Em relação aos parâmetros estudados, observou-se respectivamente para Lu. longipalpis, Pi. fischeri e Mg. migonei: densidade de fêmeas/cão/dia 3,5, 5,5 e 0,04; proporção de fêmeas alimentando-se no cão 0,71, 0,64 e 0,70; períodos de incubação extrínseca estimados (dias) 7, 4 e 7; mediana do ciclo gonotrófico (dias) 5, 6 e 7, e sobrevida infectiva (dias) 4,13, 0,74 e 2,14. A capacidade vetorial da população de Lutzomyia longipalpis foi de 2,02 novas infecções por dia de exposição de um cão infectado. Para Pintomyia fischeri este valor compreendeu 0,108 e para Migonemyia migonei, 0,0024.
